A Comparison of JavaScript and VBScript

Question: 1 Understand website design concepts 2 Be able to design interactive websites 3 Be able to implement interactive websites 4 Be able to test interactive websites. Answer: The website in question will be created for a book store. In general, it would be an e-commerce website. The consumer will be capable of purchasing books from the website and then, it will be shipped to a destination of their own choosing. EBooks are not included on the site will deal with actual books, that is, books in paperback formats. Even though, there is a large number of competitors in this business, the market focus of the business is precise and small. The main target are those individuals who are passionate about reading books which have been written by independent and unknown authors. These authors are the individuals who write a decent fascinating book, however, the book doesnt get the necessary amount of attention being in the crowd of various contemporary booksellers, both online and offline. Thus, the model of the business is quite straightforward locate a book which has been written by somewhat anonymous and independent writers, assess the books by an internal reade rs team who will find out the eligibility of the books in regards to being present in the website and then, the books will be catalogued on the site. So, along with providing the consumers a book which is unique and a substitute site for locating a good book to read, the developers will also help these anonymous authors by presenting their works to a small and dedicated audience and thus, help in the generation of a good traction. Thus, the website is required to save and present these books and needs to have a certain limited book set in precise categories which are not as extensive as the ones found at contemporary book stores and the major emphasis is on the collection of these titles. The issue that is being endeavored to be resolved has two attributes one, the independent writers will be provided a proper platform where their works iwont get vanish in the huge ocean of writers and second, to assist readers in locating high-quality, fascinating books which they would have generally not noticed at all. So, any time a consumer visits the website, they will remember that they will locate some unique and difficult to find books which are interesting and fascinating. As this will be an exclusive business, it will be quite difficult to find any other business which is exactly like this one. But, https://www.smashwords.com/ might be a little alike to the business because this website, also, sell and catalogues books from stand-alone authors. But, the focus is not on locating and curating excellent books from stand-alone authors. It needs to be on the creation of a contemporary platform and cataloguing books, only for stand-alone writers. Additionally, the focus of the a bove mentioned website is being given to e-books, while this site will emphasize of paperback and hardbound books. Thus, to create the site and make a catalogue of such stand-alone writers and their books, other book sellers like www.amazon.com can be looked up to as an example. 2.1 The main objective of the site is to offer readers a substitute source of contemporary e-book sellers in lieu of overcrowded stores, so that the reader can locate an excellent and fascinating book to read and at the same moment, assisting proper stand-alone authors to be discovers and praised among an excellent audience of readers. The results The 1st page of the site will clearly be the homepage. Its heading will be Welcome to Indiebookz. Also, the homepage will catalogue some core book sets in two sections Featured and New Releases The 2nd page will be the Browse page. Within this page, books that belong to various genera will be catalogued. It will provide an exhaustive and full catalogue of books that are segmented on the basis of their genre that is there at the storehouse The 3rd page will be the Requests page where in readers can request books from specific stand-alone authors who are not listed on the site or books which are presently not available at stock The 4th page will be the About Us. On this page, individuals can get to know about the bookshop and its history, objectives, etc. It will also feature a basic FAQs section about the books, their ordering procedure and details regarding shipping. The 5th page will be named Contact Us and will have all the necessary details in regards to contacting the store, like the address of their offices, their contact numbers, etc. Information required The content for the website will be generated from various distinct sources. Some of these sources were developed and written from scratch while the other sources will be gained from challengers and other bookshops on the Internet. These sources are smashwords.com, www.amazon.com and www.barnesandnobles.com. Additionally, all other information can be gained from www.google.com/images with the utilization of the copyright exempted filter. Utilization of Form The form will be utilized on the 3rd page, that is, the Request page. The page will permit the readers to make requests for a specific book which may be being carried out by the business or is presently not available or wasnt listed, at all. Thus, the form will be quite straightforward. The form will have 4 fields- Name of User E-mail of User Contact Number of the User The title of the book requested (if possible, link for the book present at another website, so that it can be exactly located.) All of the above mentioned fields are necessary and will be, accordingly, discernible. Site Map Wireframe Organization of the website Descriptions regarding how the website is organized in a proper and utilizable manner. A flowchart needs to be illustrated that will present the page pyramid and the links between these pages Webpages Catalogue of all the web pages and supplementing wireframe Home Browse Requests About Us Contact Us. With the utilization of proper criteria, assess the suitability of the design created in 1.1 against the related websites. Authority The founder/owner needs to be recognized on the site which will do through the About Us/Contact Us page Intention The intention of the site needs to be comprehensible through titles or sub-titles or name of the domain or the page titled About Us. In regards to the site, the principle is comprehensible through the name of the domain homepage will catalogue all the books Upgrades The site will be frequently upgraded and similar work needs to be notified via date stamps on content or through the categories, archives, etc. Organization and Design The site needs to have legible and clear sized fonts along with complementary backgrounds. This needs to be enough of clear space, a continuous layout and straightforward search and navigation abilities Performance Browser Compatibility Assessment (for all 3 chief browsers This would be straightforwardly done by the execution of the site in Internet Explorer, Google Chrome and Safari and going through all the pages and links. If this is quite closely similar for each of the browsers, then the assessment will be cleared Default Compliance Assessment with the utilization of W3C Validators To assess the compliance of the website, utilization of the W3C Validator present at the URL given was done https://validator.w3.org/ Assessment of User Satisfaction encompassing Familiarity and Functionality Assessments - This will be done via a small usability assessment form present at surveymonkey.com or other similar web services and then the site will be attached to the survey. After this, it will be provided with 3 random assessors of various ages, background and IT literacy. The feedback will be recorded Accessibility Assessment via Screen Reader Captions and Simulators This will be done via the assistance of normal built-in screen reader app on major OS platforms. Offer assessment data for the above test and perform resulting analysis Age 53 Rate of Internet Literacy Extremely Basic The purpose of the website Book Ordering Shop Ease of the website Average ease Capable to read every section and texts Yes Navigation to other pages from existing page Yes Popular website frequently visited Wikipedia and Google Age Rate of Internet Literacy Advanced Purpose of the website Online Bookshop Ease of the website Simple Capable to read every section and texts Yes Navigation to other pages from existing page Yes Popular website frequently visited Entertainment, educational and social networking websites and various search engines. On the basis of the data given above, it can be implied that the website is quite simple to be utilized and both below average and advanced users of the internet can utilize the website. On the basis of the specification of design, develop and assess an appropriate user on the help screen. As the offered screen is only an example, the validation from the server side cant be performed. The assessment has been done on the Login page with the utilization of Javascript Validation, that is, for a precise password and username combination, a user is permitted access to the system. User documentation The site has 5 distinct pages, entitled as Home, Browse, Request, About Us and Contact Us. These pages can be navigated with the assistance of the navigation menu that can be found at the topmost part of the site. The 1st part, that is, the 1st page is the Homepage that catalogues some core book sets into two sections Featured and New Releases. The 2nd page, that is, the Browse page will contain the list of the books that belong to various genera. It will host the whole and exclusive catalogues of all the books, present at the storehouse, on the basis of their genera. To purchase a book or books, the option Add to cart can be selected and then, proceeded towards order page. The 3rd page will be Request page. The page will contain a request form which can be utilized by individuals to make requests for a specific book which is not catalogued on the website. All the details need to be filled in accurately so as to permit the website authorities to include the books. The 4th page will be the About Us page where in the details regarding the bookshop like the history of the shop, the objective, etc. Can be found. It will also host a list of basic FAQs which assist consumers in case they have queries regarding books, ordering of books and details of shipping. All the queries of the consumer will be answered on this page. The 5th and last page will be the Contact Us page, which will include the contact details of the bookshop like their office addresses and contact numbers. References Ccsp.sfu.ca,. (2013).mpub | Publishing @ SFU. Retrieved 16 April 2015, from https://www.ccsp.sfu.ca/tag/mpub/ ITProPortal,. (2010).A Comparison of JavaScript and VBScript | ITProPortal.com. Retrieved 16 April 2015, from https://www.itproportal.com/2010/06/28/comparison-javascript-and-vbscript/ Kendall, K., Kendall, J. (1999).Systems analysis and design. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Levi, M., Conrad, F. (2011). Usability Testing of World Wide Web Sites. BLS.gov. Retrieved 22 December 2014, from https://www.bls.gov/ore/pdf/st960150.pdf Nielsen, J. (1992). FINDING USABILITY PROBLEMS THROUGH HEURISTIC EVALUATION. UTPA.edu. Retrieved 22 December 2014, from https://faculty.utpa.edu/fowler/csci6316/papers/Nielsen_1992_Finding-Usability-Problems-through-Heuristic-Evaluation_CHI.pdf Odell, J. (1998).Advanced object-oriented analysis and design using UML. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Teague, J. (2007).CSS, DHTML, Ajax. Berkeley, CA: Peachpit Press. Umich.edu,. (2011).Basic Web Design Principles. Retrieved 16 April 2015, from https://www.umich.edu/~ece/resources/design.html

Leading Managing People - Expatriate free essay sample

Multinational firms throughout the world are increasingly concerned about hiring, developing and retaining managers with international experience and global perspectives† quoted by Briscoe and Schuler in 2004. This report will be focusing on variety of issues relating to Human Resource implications which faced by the expatriate working in MNC located in Malaysia as well as Malaysian working in overseas. The extraction will be from the most recent newspaper, journal and articles relating to the following topics in human resource management. 1) Expatriate Failure and the Selection policy 2) Training and development for cross-cultural 3) Performance appraisal for expatriate The expatriation was subjugated by professionals sent by their employers to foreign subsidiaries or headquarters. 3. 0 KEY ISSUES AND ANALYSIS 3. 1 Expatriate Failure and the Selection policy Expatriate facade many new challenges both in the workplace and the community. For instance, culture shock differences in work-related norms, isolation, homesick, housing, schooling, language, customs, cost of living and coping with his/her spouse’s problems of adapting to new environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Leading Managing People Expatriate or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page According to Stone(2008), research indicates that a manager’s inability to adapt or their partner’s inability to adapt is the major cause of expatriate failure. Harvey(1983) cited the consequence include premature return from a foreign posting and high resignation rates, with expatriates leaving their company at about twice the rate of domestic managements. Tung (1987) expounded the three main reasons contributing to the failure of expatriates in US MNC is as follows:- * the inability of the manager’s spouse to adjust to a different physical or cultural environment; * the manager’s inability to adapt to a different physical or cultural environment; * other family-related problems. One study by International Orientation Resources, an HRM consulting firm, found that 60 percent of expatriate failures occur due to these three reasons too(Solomon,1994). Besides the above mentioned reasons, include inappropriate selection practices, inadequate preparation and training as well as the stresses associated with expatriation which identified by New Zealand research (Enderwick and Hodgson, 1993). Another critical reason is the cross-cultural communications can be a struggle for the international manager. Gestures, facial expressions, behaviour and words can have different meanings and connotations. China, Korea and Japanese have high-context cultures where considerable importance is given to non-verbal and situational cues. In contrast, Australia, Canada, the US and Britain have low-context cultures where what is said is what it meant(Stone,2008). In contrast, some Malaysians who work aboard feel that the grass is greener on the other side. In Appendix A, this article highlighted the reasons why some Malaysian prefer to remain overseas. Due to higher paid, to widen their horizons, the prestige of working in a foreign company and the quality of life is unbeatable. The expatriate is unable to adapt in the foreign environment due to lack of cultural skills. According to HRM consulting firm, this is because the expatriate selection process at many organisations is essentially flawed (Solomon, 2000). Expatriates failed because these three focal reasons which mentioned by Tung that have not been part of the selection process. The underlying message was that the family is the basic unit of expatriation, not the individual. The MNC needs to look into this matter seriously in order to reduce expatriate failure. 3. 2 Training and development for cross-cultural Many companies including MNC have been ignored on providing training for employees whether local or global organisations. MNC recruits expatriate based on technical competence and past job performance as the key selection criteria and assumed the expatriate is able to adapt in the country where he was posted. MNC should not take them for granted. They should be pre-prepared by providing orientation, training on the cultural, language and living skill in the host country. Shown in Appendix D, expatriate reports interviewed an expatriate working in Nanchang, China on how significant was the culture shock he experienced when he moved abroad? He replied that quite significant and hard to adapt to the Chinese food and people spitting on the streets. Certainly, at the initial stage every expatriate will face cultural shock difference which may lead to miscommunication, misunderstanding and misinterpretation. Then directly he will be unproductive, inefficiency and faces expatriate failure. The MNC has to recruit a new manager to replace him which will be time consuming and have to repeat the process of selection and hiring. The MNC requires the expatriate to train the local employees in the host-country by transferring his knowledge and skills to them so that they are able to be independent and step into the positions/responsibilities within the shortest possible time. The article in Appendix B highlighted Malaysia government will review the education system to produce talent needed for an advanced nation and also perks to lure home highly skilled Malaysians (brain drain) and retain global talent to develop a quality workforce. Even our government recognise the essential of education/training to develop our highly skilled employees that are not only vital to the companies but also making the nation into globally competitive and transforming it as the high-income economy for instance Singapore, HK and Shanghai. 3. Performance appraisal for expatriate Stone (2008) cited that performance appraisal is a matter of serious concern for many expatriates. This is because performance appraisal is often handled badly. Companies fail to take into account the added complexities that come with international appraisals. Key issues involving performance expectations, performance measures and who will be responsible for the conduct of the appraisals are left vague or undecided. Worse, some head office managers ignore the international appraisal and do not incorporate it into the career development process. The end result is that expatriates perceive the appraisal process as unfair and as a source of never-ending frustration. Groeschi (2003) quotes that a number of comparative international and cross-cultural management research projects have concluded that HRM is influenced by culture. He also highlighted the same HRM policy is likely to be attributed quite different meanings by different cultural groups for instance performance appraisal. An organisation’s performance appraisal systems are an important element of its control systems, which is a central component of organisation architecture (see Figure 1 as below). In many international companies, the thorny issue is how best to evaluate the performance of expatriate managers (Hill, 2009). During the appraisal evaluation for the expatriate, there are two groups who evaluate the performance of expatriate managers. They are host-nation manager and home-office managers whom are subject to bias. The host-nation managers may be biased by their own cultural frame of reference and expectations. On the other hand, home-country mangers’ appraisals may be biased by distance and by their own lack of experience working abroad. Home-office managers often not aware of what is going on in a foreign operation and they tend to rely on hard data in evaluating an expatriate’s performance, such as the productivity, revenues, profitability or market share which reflect factors outside the expatriate’s control. Due to such biases, many expatriate managers believe that headquarters management evaluates them unfairly and does not fully appreciate the value of their skills and experience. It also one of the reasons many of them believe a foreign posting does not benefit their careers (Hill, 2009). 4. 0 RECOMMENDATION 4. 1 Expatriate Failure and the Selection policy Managing a MNC provides a diversity of challenges which the crucial one will be how the parent-company will recruit potential expatriate to manage their off-shore operations affiliates/subsidiaries. Selection of the expatriate must be right at the first time although time and resources consuming in reviewing and evaluating all the potential candidates follow by filtering them. The expatriate should not be selected based on technical competence and past job performance as the key selection criteria. Expatriate failure in many cases is the result of a lack of personal adjustment rather than a lack of technical skills. Harvey (1997) cited furthermore, research shows that in many companies expatriate selection is often haphazard and irrational. Organisations need to understand that in choosing expatriates, they should take into account differences in the business, social and cultural environment in the specific country and the impact on the potential expatriate, spouse and dependants (Stone, 2008). Stone’s (1991) study found that both local managers and expatriate managers perceive the essential selection criteria as the expatriate’s ability to adapt and the adaptability of the partner and family. 4. Training and management development for cross-cultural According to Hill (2009), superior performance requires not only strategy must also be supported by the right organisation architecture. Strategy is implemented through organisation. In Figure 1, people are the linchpin of a firm’s organisation architecture. For a firm to outperform its rivals in the global marketplace, it must have the right people in the right postings. Those people must be trained appropriately so they have the skill sets required to perform their jobs effectively and so they behave in a manner that is congruent with the desired culture of the firm. The following trainings are recommended for MNCs’ expatriates:- * Cross-Culture Training prior to departure The purpose of this training allows individuals to more rapidly adjust to the new culture before departing to host-country, and therefore, to be more effective in their new roles (Black and Mendenhall, 1990). It has been widely recognised for more than 20 years that the partners and children of expatriates play an important role in contributing to the success of expatriate assignments (Fukuda and Chu, 1994; Rahim, 1983) Cultural, Language and Practical(Living Skill) trainings * These trainings are helping to control and reduce expatriate failures. There is no question that comprehensive cultural training can have many benefits for MNCs. For starters, it can help orient and develop expatriates to better communicate, understand, and work effectively with people from different cultural, religious, and ethnic backgrounds. Comprehending and valuing cultural differences can al so help expatriates in the effective management of multi-cultural teams. Understanding global markets, customers, suppliers, and competitors is another indirect benefit. Pragmatically, cultural training can have a positive impact on combating very expensive expatriate failure (Luthans, 2002). Their spouse adaption problem, it is important that the spouse and the whole family to be included in this training * Language training usually conducted in host-country’s language. When the expatriate willing to communicate in the host-country language(even not fluent), can help build rapport with local employees and improve the manager’s effectiveness. * Benefit of practical training in helping the expatriate manager and family ease themselves into daily life in the host country. The expatriate community group can be a great source of support and information sharing in helping the expatriate’s family adapt to a foreign culture. 4. 3 Performance appraisal for expatriate To overcome the expatriate’s frustration and problems, the HR manager needs to ensure that the following key issues are clarified before the expatriate begins an overseas assignment:- * What are the organisation’s performance expectations? * What criteria and standards will be used to measure performance? * Who will conduct the evaluation – a local manager, a head office manager or both? * What will be the frequency of the appraisals? What consideration will be given to local environmental influence? (for example, volatility of foreign exchange rate fluctuations, availability of skilled labour, political instability, corruption and so on) * Is the appraisal positively incorporated into the career development process? * Are head office managers cognisant of the local business environment? * Are there any cultural influences that may distort the measurement of the expatriate’s performance? In order to overcome the biases of the two groups who evaluate the expatriate managers’ performance, it is recommended to implement 360-degree feedback.

Study for Your IELTS Exam With IELTS Sample Essays

Study for Your IELTS Exam With IELTS Sample EssaysMany students will be put to the test when they take an IELTS exam and it's a good idea to prepare for this in advance. You can always see how long it takes to do the essay on globalization but it doesn't necessarily tell you the real score you can get. It is good practice to learn some sample IELTS study materials so that you are prepared to tackle your test in the same way as all the other students who have successfully passed their IELTS exam.There are many places where you can get free sample essays, however they are not always very good quality and you will be disappointed with the results. Luckily, there are some better alternatives, including software packages that will help you study for your IELTS test. The main reason for this is that many of these software packages have some great features that will help you to take your skills to the next level and it is very hard to get results from reading a mediocre sample of essay on g lobalization.One thing that will help you study for the IELTS exam is having a good vocabulary. This will help you understand the different kinds of writing and phrases you will be tested with and at the same time it will also help you to comprehend different concepts and terms that you will come across during the exam. This can really make a difference when you are faced with some very complex sentences and very difficult words that you will have to decipher.Another way that IELTS sample writing samples can help you is to ensure that you really do understand what you are being taught. It is very easy to read through the exam and try to understand it, but when you do so you will often forget about the examples you were shown and then you may forget that you had been told to read a certain word. By doing this you can easily make some mistakes that will prevent you from getting your grades up.If you want to be sure you understand everything and know that you have good preparation, the n using a software package is the best option. You will have access to plenty of practice questions, reviews and guides that will give you tips to improve your skill in writing and pronunciation, even if you have never studied this topic before. If you are preparing for the IELTS exam for the first time, this will help you hone your skills and make sure that you are ready for when the real exam day comes.Another great thing about an IELTS software package is that you can find out exactly what is being tested and when it is being tested, which is something that you will find hard to do if you don't know when you are being tested for your skills in writing. Also, you can find out what your scores will be for the various sections. You can get to know which ones you need to focus on, which will make your final results much more accurate.There are many ways that software packages can help you prepare for your IELTS exam, and there are some great options. It's important to use one that wi ll suit your learning style, from an interactive book to the software. This is why I have outlined some of the top choices in this article and hopefully you will find the one that suits you the best.Using an IELTS study program or software will make sure that you get a good night sleep before you take your exam so that you are well rested and ready to take on the IELTS test. There are many great benefits to using a good software program and also the best reason to go for this option is because it will help you to prepare for your exam by teaching you all the basics and allowing you to practice what you have learned. Get the details now to see how you can take on the IELTS exam.

Homeostasis essays

Homeostasis essays The human bodys ability to maintain a constant environment is essential to its survival. This capability is referred to as homeostasis. Homeostatic mechanisms keep the body near a set point, based on the sensitivity of central nervous system nuclei, which is an ideal value for that particular person. An example of a homeostatic mechanism is a negative feedback mechanism. Any deviation from the set point is made smaller. This mechanism does not prevent variation, it only helps keep the variation near the set point. Many negative-feedback mechanisms have three components; a receptor, a control center and an effector. A receptor monitors the significance of the variable. The control center is where the set point is established. The effector has the ability to change the variable. The set point varies from person to person. The body usually does not maintain its set point exactly but instead it fluctuates and declines around this point bringing forth a normal range of values. When the body undergoes a physical stressor; such as exercise, a secondary set point is established. The Schneider test measures the recovery rate, the rate at which the body moves back to the original set point once a stressor is removed. It determines the recovery limit of the cardiovascular system. It is based on the measurement of heart rate and blood pressure before, during and after exercise, a stressor in this case is standing and moderate exercise. This system was developed by Dr. Schneider after World War I in order to evaluate combat preparedness and overall fitness of American aviators. Exercise: 15 sec.- 88 Score: 16 ...

Philosophical Thought Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Philosophical Thought - Thesis Example While explaining my position, discussion will be made with regard to the themes from the different topics, and what their pros and cons are. The saint could be taken as the path for the more spiritual approach towards life and existence. The saint is beholden by the moral and ethical laws by God, or what is divine and ideal, taking steps and journeys in doing and sharing their beliefs for the betterment of others in a world that has been in constant bouts of chaos and other evils. For the saint, God’s existence may be a necessary condition for securing a meaningful life, but it is generally thought that one must additionally relate to God in some relevant way in the epistemological and axiological dimensions (Seachris, â€Å"Meaning of Life: The Analytic Perspective†). Saints can be characterized with many traits that are in relation to the central quality of godliness, such as being humble, kind, generous, compassionate, and selflessness. The hero archetype could be ta ken as a different approach to an individual’s value of existence and life. The first impression of a hero is an individual who is strong and fearless regardless of the odds. The hero archetype usually is the individual who adheres to the rightness of freedom, doing what is noble and just according to their personal beliefs. The hero typology has been portrayed in various ways, either through mythology or romanticism. Typically, the hero is characterized by traits of being free-spirited, courageous, strong-hearted, and a lover of life. Both could be viewed as distinct, but they complement each other very well, both of them having a distinct path for an individual’s walk in existence. This could be seen even in the earliest and twilight days in the age of antiquity. Greek mythology portrays a lot of notable heroes in their stories and legends. The most notable would be that of Hercules, or Heracles in other writings. Hercules may have been portrayed as a son of Zeus, th e king among all the other Greek deities, but he is still a demi-god because he was born from a mortal woman. As legend tells, Hercules had to undergo the Twelve Labors meant for him as an act of redemption of murdering his wife and daughter due to his insanity. While doing all this out of personal reasons, Hercules did assist many of his fellow men, and even deities through his journeys and trials. For the Greeks, Hercules was considered a hero figure because he showed indomitable will and power to persevere in his tasks. The Greek mythological-poetic drama usually portrayed heroes as individuals overwhelmed by their feelings of doing what they see fit. On the other hand, the philosophy of Stoicism had a more different opinion with regard to how one would live. The Stoic philosophy follows a more ascetic role in life. The Stoics believe that once we come to know what we and the world around us are really like, and especially the nature of value, we will be utterly transformed (Balt zly, â€Å"Stoicism†). The Stoics have always strived for temperance and the discipline of self-control from one’s emotions or passions in whatever they commit themselves to. Temperance leads to a mind and soul that has achieved tranquility or harmony with nature, which is the ultimate goal of the Stoics. This appealed well to what the Romans regarded as heroes among their citizenship, such as soldiers, leaders, and

Nursing Scopes of Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nursing Scopes of Practice - Essay Example "In 1978, Michigan legislature combined all laws regulating health personnel into one statute consolidating the legal framework for nursing in the Michigan Public Health Code, rather than a separate Nurse Practice Act." (Licensed Practical Nurse: Scope of Practice - Michigan, p 1). Significantly, the Michigan Board of Nursing makes use of the various rules governing nursing found in the Occupational Codes and in the Administrative Rules of Nursing and they serve as the guidelines to issue licenses and promote the health, safety and welfare of the public. As some state laws describe the scope of practice succinctly while others go into great detail, there is an important need for clarity of the scope of practice. The scope of practice for the nurses has improved substantially over the years and scope of practice in Michigan is an example of this change. The Occupational Regulation Sections of the Michigan Public Health Code Act 368 of 1978 provides the definition of nursing in Michigan, which serves as the legal scope of practice statement. In Michigan, the RNs are licensed to practice independently within this scope and the nurse practitioner's practice within a scope of practice is defined by their specialty education and training. "The depth of scope of practice is further defined by the knowledge base of the nurse practitioner, the role he/she is in, and the client population within the practice environment. The American Nurses Association has developed two publications to assist nurse practitioners in explaining their scope of p ractice: Scope and Standards of Advanced Practice Registered Nursing and Standards of Clinical Practice and Scope of Practice for the Acute Care Nurse Practitioner." (Nurse Practitioner Frequently Asked Questions). The generic functions applicable to most nurse practitioner roles include: Comprehensive physical examination and health assessment, promotion and maintenance of health, prevention of illness and disability, management of health care during common acute and stable chronic illnesses, assessment of clients that includes analysis, synthesis, and application of nursing theories and modalities, and health counseling and guidance etc. In order to comprehend the nurse practice acts, scope of practice for nursing, and Public Health code etc of Michigan, it is essential to compare it with other states. Thus, nurse practice acts for the state of Texas have distinctive features. The Texas Board of Nursing recognizes that advanced nursing practice is dynamic and it argues that the scope of advanced practice evolves through experience, acquisition of knowledge, evidence-based practice, technology development and changes in the health care delivery system. "Scope of practice is defined as the activities that an individual health care provider performs in the delivery of patient care. Scope of practice reflects the types of patients for whom the advanced practice nurse can care; what procedures/activities the advanced practice nurse can perform; and influences the ability of the advanced practice nurse to seek reimbursement for services provided." (Guidelines for Determining APN Scope of Practice). Various aspects are esse ntial in determining the scope of practice Texas, including advanced practice education in a role and specialty, legal implications, and the scope of practice statements as published by national professional specialty and advanced practice

The Impacts of the Politeness Principle on Foreign Language Term Paper

The Impacts of the Politeness Principle on Foreign Language Acquisition, Geoff Leech - Term Paper Example An example of these words is the word conduct. If the stress is placed on the first syllable, conduct means â€Å"behavior.† But if the stress is placed on the second syllable, the word means â€Å"to carry out.† Plural words also cause difficulty on the part of the learner. It is sometimes very difficult to explain to the learner why some words can be made plural by adding -s and why some cannot. For example, words like monkey can be made plural by adding -s. But the rule cannot be applied to the word money. The teacher should pay attention to these idiosyncracies to help the learner have a clear idea of when and how to use an aspect of the language being studied. As a result, the learner is able to proficiently and efficiently make use of the language and avoid being misunderstood or hurting the feelings of the person he or she is talking to. This is where the politeness principle comes in. The politeness principle which was developed by Geoff Leech is a series of max ims which help explain how politeness operates in conversational exchanges. According to Leech, â€Å" politeness are forms of behavior that establish and maintain comity or the ability of participants in a social interaction to engage in interaction in a friendly social atmosphere(Leech, 2005). Leech uses two terms for referring to two kinds of illocutionary acts. He calls representatives â€Å"assertives† and directives â€Å"impositives† (Leech, 2005). The politeness principle is comprised of six maxims. Each maxim has a sub-maxim which has less importance (Leech, 2005). These are used to show that negative politeness or avoidance of discord is more important than positive politeness or seeking discord. Leech says that not all the maxims are equally important. He also says that speakers may adhere to more than one maxim of politeness at the same time. The Tact Maxim Theoretical Application The first of the maxims is the tact maxim. This maxim aims to minimize cost and maximize benefit to another person (Leech, 2005). Examples of the tact maxim are â€Å"Peel these potatoes†, â€Å" Hand me the newspaper†, and â€Å" Could you possibly answer the phone?†. According to Leech, there are two levels of politeness in the tact maxim. Commands like â€Å"Sit down†, â€Å"Get a cup of water†, and â€Å" Close the door† are considered impolite while requests such as â€Å"Please sit down†, â€Å"Could you kindly get me a glass of water†, and â€Å"Won’t you have another drink† are considered polite. Leech explains that indirect illocutions are more polite because they give the person being addressed to an option of whether or not to obey. Reiter explains in her book Linguistic Politeness in Britain and Uruguay: A Contrastive Study of Requests and Apology that â€Å"politeness is a form of social interaction, a form that mediates between the individual and the social† (Reiter, 2000). She also adds that politeness assumes that each society has its own prescriptive social rules for different cultural contexts (Reiter 2000). Trosborg in her book Interlanguage Pragmatics: Requests, Complaints, and Apologies that â€Å"politeness is a pragmatic mechanism in which a variety of structures work together according to the speaker’s attention to achieving smooth communication† (Trosborg, 1995). that Leech also explains that the more indirect